Positive Psychology
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The role of perceived parenting styles in predicting psychological toughness and self-compassion among second-grade elementary school students

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

farzaneh gharibi 1
Hanieh Kazemi 2
sheykhan, reyhane 3

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Arak University, Arak, Iran

2 Masters Degree In Educational Psychology,Elementary Teacher, Education Of Markazi Province, Arak,Iran

3 Department of Psychology, Ar.C., Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran

10.22034/ppj.2025.2034663.1034
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of perceived parenting styles in predicting psychological hardiness and self-compassion among second-grade elementary school students in Arak city. The statistical population of the present study included all female students in the second-grade elementary school of District 1 of Arak city in the academic year 1401-1402, who were selected through convenient sampling method from 335 female students in the fourth, fifth, and sixth grades of elementary school. The data collection tools included the Reis Self-Compassion Questionnaire (2011), the Kubasa Hardiness Questionnaire (1982), and the Perceived Parenting Scale of Grolink et al. (1997). The collected data were analyzed using a latent variable structural equation model using SPSS version 27 and R version 4.0.2. The results showed that the overall model had a very good fit in terms of explanation and fit. The results showed that the mother's perceived parenting styles played a role in predicting psychological toughness and the father's perceived parenting styles played a role in predicting self-compassion among second-year elementary school students in Arak. Therefore, paying attention to healthy parenting methods in the family environment can provide a suitable environment for the normal emotional and psychological development of children.

Keywords

Perceived parenting styles
psychological toughness
self-compassion

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