Arak UniversityPositive Psychology3092-66371320250219The role of perceived parenting styles in predicting psychological toughness and self-compassion among second-grade elementary school studentsThe role of perceived parenting styles in predicting psychological toughness and self-compassion among second-grade elementary school students11372209010.22034/ppj.2025.2034663.1034FAFarzanehGharibiAssistant Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Arak University, Arak, IranHaniehKazemiMasters Degree In Educational Psychology,Elementary Teacher, Education Of Markazi Province, Arak,IranSheykhan,ReyhaneDepartment of Psychology, Ar.C., Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran0000-0003-1476-4952Journal Article20240822The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of perceived parenting styles in predicting psychological hardiness and self-compassion among second-grade elementary school students in Arak city. The statistical population of the present study included all female students in the second-grade elementary school of District 1 of Arak city in the academic year 1401-1402, who were selected through convenient sampling method from 335 female students in the fourth, fifth, and sixth grades of elementary school. The data collection tools included the Reis Self-Compassion Questionnaire (2011), the Kubasa Hardiness Questionnaire (1982), and the Perceived Parenting Scale of Grolink et al. (1997). The collected data were analyzed using a latent variable structural equation model using SPSS version 27 and R version 4.0.2. The results showed that the overall model had a very good fit in terms of explanation and fit. The results showed that the mother's perceived parenting styles played a role in predicting psychological toughness and the father's perceived parenting styles played a role in predicting self-compassion among second-year elementary school students in Arak. Therefore, paying attention to healthy parenting methods in the family environment can provide a suitable environment for the normal emotional and psychological development of children.The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of perceived parenting styles in predicting psychological hardiness and self-compassion among second-grade elementary school students in Arak city. The statistical population of the present study included all female students in the second-grade elementary school of District 1 of Arak city in the academic year 1401-1402, who were selected through convenient sampling method from 335 female students in the fourth, fifth, and sixth grades of elementary school. The data collection tools included the Reis Self-Compassion Questionnaire (2011), the Kubasa Hardiness Questionnaire (1982), and the Perceived Parenting Scale of Grolink et al. (1997). The collected data were analyzed using a latent variable structural equation model using SPSS version 27 and R version 4.0.2. The results showed that the overall model had a very good fit in terms of explanation and fit. The results showed that the mother's perceived parenting styles played a role in predicting psychological toughness and the father's perceived parenting styles played a role in predicting self-compassion among second-year elementary school students in Arak. Therefore, paying attention to healthy parenting methods in the family environment can provide a suitable environment for the normal emotional and psychological development of children.https://rpp.araku.ac.ir/article_722090_da5f49e46be35ea2281cfd216a23b77f.pdfArak UniversityPositive Psychology3092-66371320250219Predicting Caregiving Burden Based on Anxiety/Depression in Cancer Patients and Self-Compassion in Primary CaregiversPredicting Caregiving Burden Based on Anxiety/Depression in Cancer Patients and Self-Compassion in Primary Caregivers263872663510.22034/ppj.2025.2057717.1043FAReyhaneSheykhanDepartment of Psychology, Ar.C., Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran .0000-0003-1476-4952SabaGoodarzi1. M.A. in general psychology, department of psychology, arak university, iran.Mohammad Maleki PoyaMaleki PoyaDepartment of Physical Education, Ar.C., Islamic Azad University, Arak, IranJournal Article20250412Cancer is a devastating and debilitating chronic disease that affects both patients and their family members. There is evidence confirming that caring for relatives with chronic diseases by family members can be very challenging. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to predict caregiving burden based on cancer patient anxiety/depression and self-compassion in primary caregivers. This research falls within the category of descriptive-correlational studies. The statistical population of the study consisted of all cancer patients and their primary caregivers who had referred to Ayatollah Khansari Hospital in Arak. A sample size of 146 participants was determined based on correlation sample size calculations and selected through purposive sampling. The Caregiving Stress Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, and Reese Self-Compassion Questionnaire were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using SPSS through Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between patient anxiety depression and caregivers' caregiving stress, and there is a negative relationship between caregiver self-compassion and caregiving stress. Based on these findings, the role of informal caregivers in promoting the health of chronically ill family members is recognized. Therefore, it is recommended that attention be given to the mental health of patients and the strengthening of protective factors in caregivers, in order to mitigate caregiving burden as a potentially erosive variable.<br> Cancer is a devastating and debilitating chronic disease that affects both patients and their family members. There is evidence confirming that caring for relatives with chronic diseases by family members can be very challenging. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to predict caregiving burden based on cancer patient anxiety/depression and self-compassion in primary caregivers. This research falls within the category of descriptive-correlational studies. The statistical population of the study consisted of all cancer patients and their primary caregivers who had referred to Ayatollah Khansari Hospital in Arak. A sample size of 146 participants was determined based on correlation sample size calculations and selected through purposive sampling. The Caregiving Stress Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, and Reese Self-Compassion Questionnaire were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using SPSS through Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between patient anxiety depression and caregivers' caregiving stress, and there is a negative relationship between caregiver self-compassion and caregiving stress. Based on these findings, the role of informal caregivers in promoting the health of chronically ill family members is recognized. Therefore, it is recommended that attention be given to the mental health of patients and the strengthening of protective factors in caregivers, in order to mitigate caregiving burden as a potentially erosive variable.<br> https://rpp.araku.ac.ir/article_726635_96ff4cf515f278a211275fe65f89d381.pdfArak UniversityPositive Psychology3092-66371320250219The Effectiveness of Positive Psychology Training on Pregnancy Anxiety and Sleep Quality of pregnant WomenThe Effectiveness of Positive Psychology Training on Pregnancy Anxiety and Sleep Quality of pregnant Women493973317410.22034/ppj.2025.2039941.1042FANaemehMoghisehUniversity of shahid bahonar0009-0005-0965-7855GhasemAskarizadehAssociate Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.MasoudBagheriProfessor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IranJournal Article20250218This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Positive Psychological Intervention on pregnancy anxiety and sleep quality of pregnant women. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The study population consisted of pregnant women in Mashhad, from which 30 women who visited health centers were selected using a convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. The experimental group underwent an 7-session Positive Psychological Intervention over two months, while the control group received no intervention during this period. Data were collected before and after the intervention using the the Vandenberg Pregnancy Anxiety Questionnaire (PRAQ) (1989), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire (PSQ) (1989). The data was analyzed using Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA and SPSS-22 software. The results indicated that training in the positive psychological approach reduced pregnancy anxiety and improved sleep quality. Therefore, considering the effectiveness of Positive Psychological Intervention on pregnancy anxiety and sleep quality, it seems that this intervention could be beneficial for a calm pregnancy experience and for reducing psychological symptoms in pregnant women.This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Positive Psychological Intervention on pregnancy anxiety and sleep quality of pregnant women. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The study population consisted of pregnant women in Mashhad, from which 30 women who visited health centers were selected using a convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. The experimental group underwent an 7-session Positive Psychological Intervention over two months, while the control group received no intervention during this period. Data were collected before and after the intervention using the the Vandenberg Pregnancy Anxiety Questionnaire (PRAQ) (1989), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire (PSQ) (1989). The data was analyzed using Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA and SPSS-22 software. The results indicated that training in the positive psychological approach reduced pregnancy anxiety and improved sleep quality. Therefore, considering the effectiveness of Positive Psychological Intervention on pregnancy anxiety and sleep quality, it seems that this intervention could be beneficial for a calm pregnancy experience and for reducing psychological symptoms in pregnant women.https://rpp.araku.ac.ir/article_733174_4b913d7108c7bc6757db805500e1a46c.pdf